(The following text is adapted from an article I wrote for offline use.)

In a file from the Directorate-General for War Victims, we find information about my great-great-uncle Kalman Lehrer (also sometimes known as Kalman Kalech) during World War II. The file states that he was conscripted into labor service with the Julius Berger Company.

I have since tried to find out more about what the Julius Berger Company was (click here for my earlier post about this subject.

What I initially overlooked in the document was the abbreviation “OT,” which appears on one of the documents in that file:

The document states that Kalman Lehrer

a été mis au travail forcé dans le Nord de la France (O.T.). Il figure sur les listes de salaires (établies par quinzaines) de la firme “Julius Berger” du 26.7.42 au 31.10.42.

(Translation: [Kalman Lehrer] was conscripted into forced labor in Northern France (OT). He appears on the wage lists (prepared biweekly) of the company “Julius Berger” from July 26, 1942, to October 31, 1942.)

First, I will explain more about the OT, which stands for Organisation Todt, and then I will continue with more details about Kalman Lehrer during the war.

The Establishment of Organisation Todt (OT)

The Organisation Todt (OT) was established in May 1938, when Hitler instructed the Generalinspekteur für das Straßenwesen, Dr. Ing. Fritz Todt, who had already proven himself with the construction of the Autobahn, to take over the continuation of the Westwall (also known as the Siegfried Line) construction, which had previously been led by the Wehrmacht. Todt developed the organization by combining various planning departments, private companies (including the Julius Berger company), and, until the outbreak of war in 1939, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labour Service).

During the war, the OT evolved into a military construction unit, and its structure changed frequently, adapting each year to the demands of its orders.

From March 1940, the OT came under the authority of the Reichsminister für Bewaffnung und Munition (RMfBM) — the Minister for Armament and Munitions.

After Fritz Todt’s death in February 1942, the OT was reorganized under Albert Speer (Mannheim, 19 March 1905 – London, 1 September 1981). Since early 1941, it had been headed operationally by engineer Franz Xaver Dorsch (24 December 1899 – 8 November 1986).

Objectives of the Organisation Todt (OT)

Following Hitler’s order in December 1941 to expand the French coastal fortifications known as the “Atlantikwall,” the OT embarked on a large-scale construction program. This massive project demanded an extensive workforce and vast quantities of materials—many of which were diverted from the “Bunkerbauprogramm,” the bunker construction program in German cities.

Main Tasks of the Organisation Todt in the Occupied Territories

Besides constructing defense facilities, the OT was responsible for building roads, telecommunication networks, factories, resource extraction facilities, bridges, and barracks. They also handled the repair and recommissioning of economic institutions, the exploitation of resources in the occupied territories, and security (sick!) tasks.

Some notable OT construction projects:

• From summer 1941: Construction activities in the Soviet Union and the Balkans.
• Early 1943: Construction of launch sites in northern France for the flying bombs “V-1” and “V-2.”
• From summer 1943: OT employment within the German Reich to repair air-raid damage.
• 1943 to 1945: Building air-raid shelters for civilians as part of the “Expanded Air Raid Shelter Program” (“Erweitertes LS-Führerprogramm”).
• From 1944 onwards: Industrial, utility, and railroad building projects, including the establishment of underground armament and fuel depots as part of the “Jäger Program” and the “Geilenberg Program” (1944-1945).

Organisation and Labor Supply of the Organisation Todt (OT)

The OT was organized into regional groups according to areas of operation, with a hierarchical structure based on importance.

• German workers in the OT wore olive green uniforms and were subject to a quasi-military service obligation.
• The OT also recruited auxiliary personnel from Western European countries, some voluntarily, though not all out of idealism. For example, at the war’s start, Belgium had an unemployment rate of around 500,000, leading many to accept OT work for economic reasons.
• From 1942 onward, the OT increasingly conscripted forced laborers and prisoners of war.
• By 1943–44, a growing number of concentration camp prisoners and other Nazi regime detainees were also used as OT laborers.

Composition of the OT Workforce in Late 1944 (Total approx. 1.36 million workers):

• 14,000 German workers deemed unfit for military defense duties
• 22,000 concentration camp prisoners
• The remainderwere forced laborers and prisoners of war

Because the OT worked closely with the Gestapo and SS, conditions for forced laborers and prisoners of war were notoriously harsh and inhumane.

Belgian Jews Working for the Organisation Todt (OT)

Starting on June 13, 1942, Belgian Jews were conscripted into forced labor in camps operated by the Organisation Todt. These camps, scattered along the northern coast of France, were established to support the construction of the Atlantic Wall.

Unlike the non-Jewish volunteers—who received fair wages and generally better treatment—Jewish forced laborers endured far harsher conditions. While both groups worked on the same construction sites, the Jews faced discrimination, mistreatment, and degrading conditions that foreshadowed the horrors they would later face in concentration camps.

In early summer 1942, the first Jewish labor camps were established along the French coastline. One additional camp, Mazures, was located inland in the Ardennes region of France, near Charleville.

Most of the Jewish laborers came from Antwerp. The Belgian police, following orders from the Belgian Bureau of Employment, were responsible for rounding them up. Only after their arrival in the camps did the Germans, OT officials, and guards take charge of them.

This forced labor operation lasted approximately three months. Four trains departed from Antwerp on July 13 and 14, August, and the final one on September 12, 1942. Additionally, three other trains left Brussels (June 26), Charleroi (July 31), and Liège (August 3).

The first group of 250 Jewish laborers—of various nationalities—arrived at the Condette camp, south of Boulogne, on June 13, 1942. A month later, on July 14, a transport reached Calais and Port-Lahon. On July 18, around 200 Jews from Antwerp were brought to Mazures via Revin. Transports continued: 250 men arrived in Calais on August 14, 300 more in Boulogne, and another train reached Dannes-Camiers via Boulogne on August 5.

Initially, all new arrivals were gathered and registered at Dannes before being distributed to surrounding camps. More than 100 prisoners were sent to the Ferques camp during June and July 1942. On August 14, a train bound for Boulogne again passed through Dannes. By late September 1942, 250 of the physically strongest prisoners were sent to the Etaples camp.

Starting in August 1942, the Hermann Dohrmann Company of Mülheim an der Ruhr—specializing in road construction and heavy industry—began preparing payroll records for Jewish laborers from Brussels and Antwerp. Five lists were compiled between August 9 and October 17, 1942. Each list, except the fifth (which had 118 names), contained 120 names and covered two weeks of wages. In September 1942, 250 Belgian Jews were officially assigned to work in Etaples and were registered in the Dannes-Camiers camp system.

The Deportation of Belgian Jews from OT Camps to Auschwitz

Beginning in August and September 1942, mass round-ups (razzias) of Jews were launched across Belgium and northern France. This marked the start of the implementation of the so-called “Final Solution.” Jews who had previously been sent to labor camps under the Organisation Todt (OT) were now also targeted. The first deportation train bound for Auschwitz departed from the transit camp in Malines (Mechelen) on August 4, 1942.

(click here for a full list of the transports from the Dossin barracks).

The Prioritization of Deportation over Military Objectives

The German authorities anticipated the deportation of approximately 20,000 Jews from Belgium and northern France. Although they initially struggled to reach this number, they took drastic measures to meet the target. Jewish forced laborers were removed from OT camps along the coastal regions, even though this disrupted essential military construction projects. Every effort was made to fulfill the deportation quota, even at the expense of delaying fortifications vital to defending the Reich and securing Hitler’s vision of Europe. This irrational decision underscores the brutal logic of the Nazi regime, in which the annihilation of the Jews—the so-called “Final Solution”—took precedence over all other military and strategic goals.

The Deportations from the Northern France OT Camps

Four transports carrying a large number of Jewish forced laborers from the OT camps in Northern France departed from the Dossin barracks in Mechelen (Malines) en route to Auschwitz:

• Two convoys on October 24, 1942 (the 14th and 15th convoys)
• Two more on October 31, 1942 (the 16th and 17th convoys)
  (Kalman Lehrer was deported on the 16th convoy.)

During this period, the OT labor camps were almost entirely emptied, effectively fulfilling the Nazis’ objective of deporting 20,000 Jews. However, this mass deportation significantly disrupted construction work on the Atlantic Wall.

The camps were not left entirely deserted. Some Jews of Belgian nationality, particularly those married to Aryan (non-Jewish) women, were temporarily allowed to remain. Additionally, the Germans began bringing in other groups of prisoners to fill the vacant labor roles. Still, the camps would never again reach the peak population of approximately 2,000 Jewish forced laborers, as had been the case in the summer of 1942.

Convoys 15–17: Deportation of Jewish Forced Laborers from OT Camps

The 15th convoy, departing on October 24, 1942, included 238 Jewish forced laborers from the Todt Organization (OT) labor camps in Charleville and La Rochelle in northern France. The 16th convoy, which followed a week later on October 31, carried 752 forced laborers, and the 17th convoy included another 562.

The 17th convoy marked a significant shift in the nature of the deportations. It was the first convoy composed entirely of men, many of whom had been transferred directly from OT labor camps without even passing through the Dossin Barracks in Mechelen (Malines). Upon arrival at Mechelen, these OT laborers remained on standby in the train until additional detainees from the barracks were brought on board to fill the transport.

This convoy also saw the first large-scale escape attempt. While the train was still on Belgian soil, 241 deportees managed to jump from the moving train—an unprecedented event. The timing of this mass escape may be explained by the fact that the previous convoys had included entire families, including women and children. In those earlier cases, the emotional and moral burden of abandoning one’s family likely prevented many from attempting escape. The 17th convoy, by contrast, consisted only of men, many of whom were alone and had nothing left to lose. With no children or wives at their side, the prospect of a dangerous leap toward freedom became more conceivable—and for some, it succeeded.

The Julius Berger Company

As mentioned earlier, the Todt Organization was formed through a combination of state planning departments, private companies, and, before the outbreak of war in 1939, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service).

One of the private companies involved was Julius Berger, which later became part of Bilfinger & Berger AG (www.bilfinger.com) (now operating under Bilfinger SE), headquartered in Mannheim, Germany.

The company was originally founded by a Jewish engineer and entrepreneur, Julius (Juda) Berger (born September 22, 1862, in Zempelburg, West Prussia – murdered May 16, 1942, in Theresienstadt). In the 1930s, during the Nazi regime’s Aryanization campaign, Berger was forcibly removed from his own company, which was expropriated and transferred to non-Jewish ownership.

In its early years, Julius Berger’s company focused primarily on railway, road, and bridge construction. It quickly gained a strong reputation with the German government, securing contracts for hundreds of miles of infrastructure. In 1893 alone, Berger constructed 22 stretches of railway across Germany.

Meanwhile, August Grün, co-director of another successful firm, specialized in water-related civil engineering. When Grün’s business partner left in 1892, Paul Bilfinger, a government engineer, took over. By that time, the company already had 250 employees and significant experience and equipment in a variety of construction areas.

From the outset of their partnership, Grün and Bilfinger pursued a wide variety of engineering projects. In 1907, they entered the international arena by constructing a 45-mile stretch of railway in Hungary. That same year, Julius Berger’s company also expanded its operations, undertaking projects such as building a canal in Hamburg, a dam and power station in Blesen, and hydraulic control systems along several German rivers and canals.

In 1909, Julius Berger and Grün & Bilfinger collaborated for the first time on a major undertaking: the widening of the Kiel Canal, a crucial 61-mile waterway connecting the North Sea with the Baltic Sea.

Their international activity began to wane significantly after 1935. With the outbreak of World War II, both companies turned their efforts toward domestic construction—particularly projects initiated by the Nazi government as part of its economic recovery plans. These included the building of the Autobahnen, Germany’s national highway system. Berger and Bilfinger were among the top firms awarded these contracts. Many sections of the Autobahn required long, high bridges with complex engineering solutions, which provided continued challenges for their engineers.

During the war, both Julius Berger and Grün & Bilfinger were involved in the construction of airports and naval installations in support of the German war effort. Like many German firms during this time, they benefited from the militarized economy and were complicit in Nazi infrastructure development.

Following the war, both companies spent the first two postwar years engaged in clearing rubble, repairing bridges and railways, and restoring damaged buildings, roads, and dikes across Germany. These efforts were part of the massive reconstruction efforts in the devastated postwar landscape.

A Note about the Groupe de Recherches “Dannes-Camiers”

To deepen understanding of the fate of Belgian Jews deported to Dannes-Camiers, France, a research group was founded by the children and grandchildren of deportees from Liège and nearby Seraing who were sent to labor camps in Northern France. The Groupe de Recherches “Dannes-Camiers” aims to locate, collect, and disseminate information and documents about this relatively overlooked chapter in the deportation of Belgian Jews.

In the course of their work, the group discovered important documentation in the archives of the Office of War Victims (see https://www.arch.be/index.php?l=en&m=online-resources&r=archives-online&sr=second-world-war#war-damages-files), which was part of Belgium’s Ministry of Social Security. Among the findings were lists of “employees” registered by the Organisation Todt (OT). The group also came across official postwar reports detailing the wages and funds that were systematically stolen from the Jewish laborers.

Although the Belgian Jews deported to the labor camps of Dannes-Camiers were nominally paid wages for their forced labor, these salaries were never received. The group is now committed to uncovering what became of these stolen funds, which were reportedly recovered by the Belgian government after the war.

Kalman Lehrer and the Organisation Todt (OT)

Kalman Lehrer was conscripted into forced labor for the Julius Berger company, one of the private firms contracted by the Organisation Todt (OT). According to records from the Belgian Office of War Victims, Kalman was stationed in Boulogne, France, from July 26, 1942, to October 31, 1942.

Born on June 20, 1898, Kalman was 44 years old in 1942—an age that would typically have been considered too old for OT labor assignments. His inclusion in forced labor therefore suggests that he may have actively sought or found a way to be included, possibly as a desperate attempt to avoid immediate deportation. Tragically, this temporary reprieve did not spare him: he was eventually sent to Auschwitz via the 16th convoy departing from the Dossin barracks on October 31, 1942, and did not survive.

Kalman Lehrer’s “Salary” and the Fate of the OT Workers’ Funds

Although Kalman Lehrer’s personal file does not specify the exact amount he earned, it is widely known that Organisation Todt (OT) forced laborers received a standard stipend of 10 Belgian francs per day. These wages were not given directly to the workers but instead were transferred to La Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas (today part of BNP Paribas – www.bnpparibas.com).

In early 1943, the Brüsseler Treuhandgesellschaft (BTG) was tasked with identifying and managing the properties and assets of so-called “enemies of the Reich,” including Jews. In a later phase, the BTG centralized, managed, and liquidated these assets. Among its actions was the demand to transfer the unclaimed wages of Jewish OT laborers to an account at the Société Française de Banque et de Dépôts (SFBD). The total sum amounted to 1,349,265 Belgian francs.

After the liberation, the SFBD returned only a portion of the funds to former laborers whose wages had originally been routed through the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas. In 1958, a partial amount of 965,758 Belgian francs was eventually transferred to the Deposit and Consignment Office (Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations) in Belgium.

As for Kalman Lehrer himself, the exact date of his death remains unknown. Official records estimate that he was murdered sometime between October 30, 1942, and June 1, 1945, following his deportation on the 16th convoy to Auschwitz.

Appendix I: Inventory List from the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas

Source: Federal Public Service for Social Security, Directorate-General for War Victims, Belgium

As mentioned in the main text, Jewish forced laborers working under the Organisation Todt (OT) were, in theory, paid a daily stipend. These payments were to be processed via the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas—now part of BNP Paribas. In reality, however, these wages were never disbursed to the workers during the war.

The Belgian Office for War Victims provided me with an inventory list of all the files they hold relating to the Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas. While the list is extensive, it is not complete and still contains some gaps.

Nonetheless, I am including it here because:

• It offers insights into the bureaucratic mechanisms used to appropriate and centralize Jewish labor wages during and after the war.
• It provides a snapshot of the many private companies that were integrated into the OT structure;
• It may serve as a valuable research tool for anyone wishing to investigate this aspect of Jewish forced labor in Northern France;

COMPANY	Folder Number	File Number	Remarks
Aachener	1	1
Abwickelungsstelle	2	1
Ackermann	3	1
Ackermann & Stadtfeld	4	1
Adam	5	1
A.E.G.	6	1
Alaers	7	1
Alardin	8	1
Albrecht R.	9	1
Allbaulenz	10	1
Allgeier	11	1
Altenbach	12	1
Angele & Schmid	13	1
Anton	14	1
Antonini	15	1
Antonus	16	1
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Athies	17	1
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Baden	18	1
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Nordwest	19	1
Arbeitsgemienschaft Stuttgart-Nord Eitel	20	1
Aretz	21	1
Arge Landschaftsgärtner	22	1
Arge Lageraufbau	23	1
Arge West	24	1
Armbruster	25	1
Art & Technique	26	1	Firma FG Reincke et C° – suhunternehmer “Art et Technique”
Artois	27	1
Ateliers de Construction de la Seine	28	1
Curt Badhauser et Co	29	2 B
Baierle Edmund	30	2 B
Balke (Arge Balke-Emmrich)	31	2 B
Bauken	32	2 B
Baresel AG	33	2 B
Barth. C.W.	34	2 B
Basco	35	2 B
A.bastijns et H. Simon	36	2 B
Bauförster	37	2 B
Baum u. Bentgen	38	2 B
Baumanns L.	39	2 B
Baustoff und Geratelager	40	2 B
Bautch Beschaffungsamt	41	2 B
Bauwens Peter	42	3 B
A. Becker	43	4 B
Jos Becker	44	4 B
Kurt Becker	45	4 B
Bellinghausen	46	4 B
Bentz	47	4 B
Julius Berger	48	5 en 6
Robert Berger	49	4B
Bergold & Kleber	50	4B
Bergt camp	51	4B
Bermann N	52	4B
Berneburg	53	4B
Bernd & R. Friess	53Bis	4B
Bessemans	54	4B
G. Benchel	55	4B
Bentepark der Luftwaffe	56	4B
Birkle & Thomer	57	4B	manque
Bisse & Roelandts	58	4B
Blaivie & Fils	59	4B
Bläser	60	4B
Blees	61	7
Bleymehl	62	7
Blum (Carl G.)	63	7
Herman Bock	64	7
Bödicker	65	7
Bodson	66	7
Boeree & Bakker	67	7
Boersch	68	7
Borreux Al	69	7
Bosman & Knauer	70	7
Bourlez C	71	7
Boval A	72	7
Karl Brandt	73	8
Karl Brandt	73	9
Bratengeier	74	10
Brecheis Karl	75	10
Brown-Bowerie	76	10
Franz Brüggemann	77	10
Alfred Bührmann	78	11
Burmeister J.H. Gustav	79	11
Büscher & Sohn	80	11
A & O Bussenius	81	11
Heinrich Butzer	82	11
Cabooter & D’ Haene	83	12
Callens	84	12
Champy	84 Bis	12
Cheppe & Swille	85	12
Christoph & Unmack	86	12
Claus – Van Hulle	87	12
J.H. Collignon	88	12
Conrad F	88 Bis	12
Conradt Hans	89	12
Constantin Pierre	90	12
Constructa Moderna	91	12
Coppens Albert	92	12
Coppens H	93	12
Cranz Kurt	94	12
Daemen Frères	95	12
Daems Henri	96	12
Dalheimer Otto	97	12
Dandois	98	12
De Baets-Vanden Berghe	99	13
De Bon	100	13
Debusschere-Vanden Borre	101	13
Decheneux L	102	14
De Cuyper R	103	14
Defense Aerienne	104	14
Degembe	105	14
Degler Franz	106	14
Derdesheimer	107	14
Delbanche	108	14
Dericks Komertz	109	14
De Ryck	110	14
Desmet	111	14
Dessy Oscar	112	14
Deutsche Asphalttiefbau	113	14
Deutsche Bau	114	15
Deutsche Elektrik	115	15
Deutsche Tiefbaugesellschaft	116	15
Dienststelle	117	15	(fardes spéciales)
Franz Dietrich	118	15
Paul Dietrich	119	15
Dieu & Allain	120	15
Dittgen	121	15
Despy A	122	15
Dohrmann	123	15
Dortmunder Bauunion	124	15
Dubener	125	15
E. G. Dubois	126	16
Ducker	127	16
Duesburger Kies Baggerei	128	16
Siegfried Dumon	129	16
Duvi & Rosetzky	130	16
Albert Durinck	131	16
Dyckerhoff & Widmann	132	16
Dziechel-Jansen	133	16
Divers:Portland Cement	134	16
Kriegsmarinewerft Brest	134	16
Technique Compagnie Lille	134	16
Hansa Bau Union	134	16
Soldatenheim Loon	134	16
Abwickelungstelle Bevek S/Mer	134	16
Dienststelle N° 1311	134	17
Dienststelle N°1402	134	17
Dienststelle N°4348	134	17
Dienststelle N° 5049	134	17
Dienstselle N° 5060	134	17
Dienstselle N° 5343	134	17
Dienststelle N° 6299	134	17
Dienststelle N° 6812	134	17
Dienstselle N° 7201	134	17
Dienststelle N° 9395	134	17
Dienststelle N° 10052	134	17
Dienststelle N° 10439	134	17
Dienststelle N° 10585	134	17
Dienststelle N°11156	134	17
Dienststelle N° 12214	134	17
Dienststelle N° 12325	134	17
Dienststelle N° 12523	134	17
Dienststelle N° 13884	134	17
Dienststelle N°13965	134	17
Dienststelle N° 16255	134	17
Dienststelle N° 17943	134	17
Dienststelle N° 19089	134	17
Dienststelle N° 19484	134	17
Dienststelle N° 22333	134	17
Dienststelle N° 22631	134	17
Dienststelle N° 26025	134	17
Dienststelle N° 27089	134	17
Dienststelle N° 28547	134	17
Dienststelle N° 30049	134	18
Dienststelle N° 30051	134	18
Dienststelle N° 31148	134	18
Dienststelle N° 31716	134	18
Dienststelle N° 31809	134	18
Dienststelle N° 31859	134	18
Dienststelle N° 31881	134	18
Dienststelle N° 31908	134	18
Dienststelle N° 32179	134	18
Dienststelle N° 32688	134	18
Dienststelle N° 33199	134	18
Dienststelle N° 33281	134	19
Dienststelle N° 33917	134	19
Dienststelle N° 33928	134	19
Dienststelle N° 34705	134	19
Dienststelle N° 35370	134	19
Dienststelle N° 36620	134	19
Dienststelle N° 37686	134	19
Dienststelle N° 38380	134	19
Dienststelle N° 38440	134	19
Dienststelle N° 38969	134	19
Dienststelle N° 39614	134	19
Dienststelle N° 40469	134	19
Dienststelle N° 40774	134	19
Dienststelle N° 49123	134	19
Dienststelle N° 49595	134	19
Dienststelle N° 50726	134	19
Dienststelle N° 50825	134	19
Dienststelle N° 50893	134	19
Dienststelle N° 50938	134	19
Dienststelle N° 51270	134	20
Dienststelle N° 52092	134	20
Dienststelle N° 52160	134	20
Dienststelle N° 52273	134	20
Dienststelle N° 52443	134	20
Dienststelle N° 52966	134	20
Dienststelle N° 53072	134	20
Dienststelle N° 54100	134	20
Dienststelle N° 54222	134	20
Dienststelle N° 54365	134	20
Dienststelle N° 54471	134	20
Dienststelle N° 54660	134	20
Dienststelle N° 54678	134	20
Dienststelle N° 55116	134	20
Dienststelle N° 55555	134	20
Dienststelle N° 55590	134	20
Egenter F	135	21
Eggers	136	21
Ehland Paul	137	21
Eiermann Rudi	138	21
Eigen	139	21
Eisenrieth	140	21
Ensatzgruppe West	141	21
Elbau	142	21
Erbes Bau	142 Bis	21
Elektro Bar	143	22
Theo Elsche	144	22
Ensle Paul	145	22
Emmerich John	146	22
Engel Emiel	147	22
Ensle – Ostertag	148	22
Entreprises Générales Dalcq	149	22
Entreprises Générales de Batiment et Construction	150	22
Entreprises Industrielles & de Travaux Publics	151	22
Entreprise Louzier	152	22
Entreprise Vande Walle	153	22
Epple Karl	154	22
Erbes Bau	155	22
Gebr. Erdmann	156	22
J. Erkes	157	22
Fackler A	158	22
Fandel Theodor	159	22
Farben Industrie (Henin Lictard)	160	22
Felger Aumann	161	22
Festungskolonne 27	162	22
Ficheroulle et Lambiotte	163	22
Fichter Aug	164	22
Fillibeek	165	22
A. Finck	166	22
B. Fischer	167	23
Flame	168	23
S. Flockerzi	169	23
Florack Heinrich	170	23
Flossdorf A	171	23
Forster Fritz	172	23
Fournelle & Zumbruch	173	23
France Quest	174	23
Francke Werke	175	23
François René	176	23
H. Fredrich	177	23
Friedrichsmeier	178	23
Frommer Gustave	179	23
Früh Max	180	23
W. Fuchs	181	23
Fürst Max	182	23
Füsgen Fr.	183	23
O. Gallopijn	184	24
Nik Garçon	185	24
A. Garie & Sohn	186	24
Fr. Gassen	187	24
Gastmann	188	24
Gebigke & Blaivie	189	24
Gehzt Standt	190	24
Gerselhart & Schottle	191	24
Gerre Elektrobau	192	24
Gerdum u Breuer	193	24
Gevaert G.	194	24
Geyer L.	195	24
Gielis & Wijngaert	196	24
Gleisbauzug Knope	197	24
Gluiraufbau A. G.	198	24
W. Gotzky	199	24
Grafen & Servin	200	24
Grands Travaux Modernes	201	24
A. Grassmann	202	24
R. Grasdorf	203	24
Gres & Gheza	204	24
Karl Gross & Sohn	205	24
Gross Max	206	24
Groth & C°	207	24
Gruss & Belfinger	208	24
Grusser Christhoph	209	24
Grusser-Gossen	210	24
Guggenberger R	211	24
Guidi	212	24
L. Guns	213	24
H. Haars & Gruneberg	214	25
Habermann & Guekes	215	25
Hachez	216	25
Hachez Isselstein	217	25
Hageman Dykmann	218	25
Hagemann & C°	219	25
H. Hagen	220	25
H. Hanauer	221	25
Hanbuch & Sohne	222	25
Hannebeek Baug	223	25
Hannoffel Joh.	224	25
Hausa Bau Union	225	25
Harder	226	25
Hardt Ludwig	227	25
Harn & Nayer	228	25
Hauck Matihaus	229	25
Hausler O.	230	25
Hebel	231	26
Hegerfeld	232	26
Heilingbrünner L	233	26
Heilmann & Littmann	234	26
Heine Herbert	235	26
Heinemann & Bune	236	26
Held & Lamki	237	26
Heffmann	238	26
Hellenthal & Sohn	239	26
Heller Fr.	240	27
Helm	241	27
Helmsted	242	27
Hemmino & Witte	243	27
Hennes	244	27
Hermanns Gebr	245	27
Hermant Maurice	246	27
Hermecke	247	27
Hesscge Arbeitsgem	248	27
Heuer KG	249	27
Hildebrand Conrad	250	27
Hillesheim	251	27
Hilfertging Jean	252	27
Hochtief	253	27
O. Hocke & C°	254	27
Hortz & C°	255	27
O. Hoffmann	256	27
Holzmann	260 Bis	28
Hoffritz	257	29
K. Hofmann	258	29
Hofmann Lohium	259	29
Hollinoer	260	29
Homme Paul	261	29
Horsch Claus & Sohn	262	29
Hoss	263	29
Huber F	264	29
Hubert & Rauwald	265	29
Huberts J.B	266	29
Huguet Ins Fourre	267	29
Hulster Léon	268	29
Hulskens C°	269	29
Hundgen & Sohn	270	29
Huta	271	29
Ibau-industrie Bau	272	30
Industra	273	30
Instrass	274	30
Iserluhn	275	30
Iven H	276	30
Jansen	277	30
Janssen	278	30
Jitax	279	30
Jobst & Milch	279 Bis	30
Jochimski	280	30
Joly H	281	30
Jonen H	282	30
Jordan Max	283	30
Jucho	284	30
A. Jung	285	30
Jungzen	286	30
Kahlke	287	31
Kallenbach	288	31
Karle Ernst	289	31
Kauffer & C°	290	31
Kehl & C°	291	31
Keller J	292	31
Keller Nelly	293	31
Kengelbach	294	31
keuber W	295	31
Kirsch L	296	31
Kirschenhofer	297	31
Klaber Max	298	31
Knauth Art	300	31
Kniffler	300	31
Knop W	302	32
Knyff	303	32
Koch & C°	304	32
Koch & Neyer	305	32
Koernig	306	32
Kohl Erwin	307	32
Kohnn A	308	32
Korte & Vogel	309	32
Koster & Adolphs	310	32
Kowahl & Bruns	311	32
Krauz Kurt	312	32
Krautscheid	313	32
A. Kremers	314	32
Kriegslazarett St. André	315	32
Kriegsmarine Arsinal	315 Bis	32
Kriegslazarett Calmette	316	32
Krockel K.	317	32
Kromm W	318	32
Krombus F. N.	319	32
C. Kroth & Sohn	320	32
F. Kriball	321	32
Kriebler K	322	32
Kuhlmer H	324	32
Kunster & Sohn	325	33
Kunster & Zimmermann	326	33
Kurz und Muller	327	33
Kutsch Steffens	328	33
Neant	329	33
Labay & Driehesne	330	34
Lachaise	331	34
Laer Bern	332	34
Lamberte B	333	34
Lamers Hans	334	34
Lammertyn	335	34
Landauer	336	34
Langlois A	337	34
Latseka W	338	34
Leoris A	339	34
Leuhard H	340	34
Leuk. Meisel	341	34
Leuz & C°	342	34
Leuzen A	343	34
Levaux Ant & fils	344	35
Leydens W	345	35
Lieser	346	35
Limourin	347	35
G. Limper	348	35
Lindemann	349	35
Lingermann Karl	350	35
Linnartzund Sohwarz	351	35
Litrvin Chuh & Bank	352	35
Livernet	352 Bis	35
Lohrum	353	35
Loth & Bopp	354	35
E. Ludwig	355	35
Ludwig – Rottland	356	35
Lung Alois	357	35
Luftwaffe Beutepark	358	35
Luypaert Van Simpsen	359	35
Macher Ludwig	360	36
Maffenanti	361	36
Maler Arbeitsgemeinschaft	362	36
Malmendier Jos	363	36
Manfredini M	364	36
Marahrens	365	36
Marine Haffen	366	36
Markgraf und Heger	367	36
Markische Bauges	368	36
Marx Gebr	369	36
Matrowitz & C°	370	36
Matzdorff W	371	37
Mattern Stand Heller	372	37
Maue Otto	373	37
May	374	37
Mayer Aug	375	37
G. Meister	376	37
Mell Gebr	377	38
Merkle	378	38
Mertens L	379	38
Metzdorf H	380	38
Metzinger H	381	38
Meyer Fritz	382	38
Michiels	383	38
Michiels-Collignon	384	38
Micka	385	38
Mickelheit Gebr	386	38
Milch. Mart	387	38
Néant	388	38
Mobelfabrik	389	38
Mobers Gebr	390	38
Mogendorf Segner	391	38
Mohr Hans	392	38
Molders & C°	393	38
Moll K	394	38
Moll L	395	38
Moller E	396	38
Moller & Schott	397	39
Monuzzi & Roelants	398	39
Muhlenbruch	399	39
Mulheimer Strassebbau	400	39
Muller & C°	401	39
A. Muller	402	39
Fr. Muller	403	39
J. Muller	404	39
Max Muller	405	39	Manque
Mussgang & C°	406	39
Nachbarschulte	407	40
National	408	40
Jacob Neumayer	409	40	Manque
E. Niclas	410	40
Niemax Gebr	411	40
Nill W	412	40
Noll Jakob	413	40
Novak & Schwarz	414	40
N.S.K.K. Transf	415	40
Nuyts H	416	40
O.B.L. Audingren	417	41
O.B.L. Cherbourg	418	42
O.B.L. Marseille	419	42
O.B.L. Mette	420	42
O.B.L. Nord	421	42
O.B.L. Normandie	422	42
O.B.L. Nord West	423	42
O.B.L. Paula	424	42
O.B.L. Rouen	425	42
O.B.L. Sud	426	42
Oderthal Jakob	427	43
C. Oelting	428	43
Oevermann G	429	43
Ohlig	430	43
Olbrecht G	431	43
Olm G	432	43
Oltsch & C°	433	43
Opel Beuchel	434	43
Osselaere Alph	435	43
Ostbau	436	43
Osthoff W	437	43
Ostland	438	43
O.T. Divers	439	43
Ott. Bau	440	43
Ouest Travaux Publics	441	43
Ovander G	442	43
Pampers	443	44
Pantz E	444	44
Pape Aug	445	44
Pastore	446	44
Pauwels	447	44
Pauwels & Smits	447 Bis	44	(farde à part)
A. Penasse	448	44
Perino frères	449	44
Perthil Robert	450	44
Pfalz	451	44
Philippi	452	44
Piessen V	453	44
Piette A	454	44
Pilot – De Puydt	455	44
G. Pinnow	456	44
Plotner	457	44
Jakob Pohl	458	44
Polenski & Zollner	459	44
Postiaux Gaston	460	44
Ponghon Charles	461	44
Pracht Hans	462	44
Primus	463	44
Provost	464	44	(farde à part)
Rabits	465	45
Raebel Wecke	466	45
Ramant & C°	467	45
Ranker Atois	468	45
Rathjens	469	45
Rausch & Balensiefen	470	45
Rauwald	471	45
Rech	472	45
Reh & C°²	473	45
Regensburg	474	45
L. Reinartzund Sohn	475	45
Reincke	476	46
Rempke	477	46
H. Rennert	478	46	(manque)
Resthaven Ge.	479	46
H. Reuss	480	46
Rheinbay	481	46
Rheinpfaz	482	46
Riedel	483	46
Riede	484	46
Ries	485	46
Ritter Massong C°	486	47
Rittmann	487	47
Roeder J	488	47
Max Roelants	489	47
Fr. Rodiek	490	47
Cl. Rohuer	491	47
Rom J.P.	492	47
N. Rörig	493	47
J. Roth	494	47
J. Rothfuss	495	47
Rottger	496	47
Rottland & Lindeman	497	47
Rucker	498	47
Sachsinger	499	48
Saeger & Woerner	500	48
Samson	501	48
Sauercin & Schaefer	502	48
S.B.U.	503	48
Scandolo	504	48
Schäfer	505	48
Schartmann	506	48
Scheidt	507	48
Scherer	508	48
Schlichthoon	509	48
Schmitz & Sohn	510	48
Schmarsel	511	48
H. Schmetz	512	48
Schmitt R	513	48
Schmitz E	514	48
Schmitz Erpenbach	515	48
Schmitz H.	516	48
Schmucker	517	48
Schneider Johann	518	49
Schneider (Juifs)	518 Bis	49	manque
Schneider & Klippel	519	49
Schneiders & Schumacker	520	49
G. Schnellen	520 Bis	49	(farde à part) farde 49 Bis
G. Scholzen	521	49
Schomburg	522	49
Schommer	523	49
Eg. Schott	524	49
Schroder Otto	525	49
Schroders	526	49
H. Schroeder	527	49
Schubert	528	49
Schuffelhauer	529	49
Schulte ter Hardt	530	49
Schuppart	531	49	manque
Schijnler	532	49
Schutterlé M	533	49
Schnutzer BB	534	49
L. Seemann	535	49
J. Ph Sehn	536	49
Selbach	537	49
Siemens Bau Union	538	49
Simon Arthur	539	50
H. Smits	539 Bis	50	(farde à part 50 Bis)
Sobeco	540	50
Sobetta	541	50
Herbert Soche	542	50
O. Soetaert	543	50
Sofsky	544	50
Sotrabe	545	50
Sparenberg	546	50
Spereher	547	50
Spiller K	548	50
Spinhoff-Campo	549	50
Spieker	550	50
Stark	551	51
Stehmeyer & Bischoft	552	51
Stein E	553	51
Steindl	554	51
Stichel	555	51
Stichtmann	556	51
Stilgenbauer und Faber	557	51
Stock Carl	558	52
Stöcker	559	52
Stohr Karl	560	52
Stolze	561	52
Strabag	562	52
Strassen Ingeniersbau	563	52
Strauch W	564	52
Streubel	565	52
Struck	566	52
Sturm	567	52
Stutzenberger	568	52
Sudbau	569	52
Technique C°	570	53
Technische Gruppe	571	53
Terrastraba	572	53
Terbrak	573	53
Tesch G	574	53
Deutsche Theater	575	53
Deutsche Tehater Lille	576	53
Tiele	577	53
Thomas Emiel	578	53
N. Tilger	579	53
W. Topel	580	53
Trama	581	53
Uamann	582	53
Unico	583	54
Vaesset	584	54	manque
Valente	585	54
Van Belle	586	54
Van Craenenbroeck	587	54
Vanderstappen	588	54
Van der Veeken	589	54
Van der Vurst	590	54
Van de Velde	591	54
Van de Vloet	592	54
Vanderwalle	593	54
Vanmeen	594	54
Van Dooren G.	595	54
Van Doorne	596	54	(farde à part) 54 Bis
Van Droot	597	54
Van Elewijk	598	54
Van Elven	599	54
Van Geit	600	54
Van Kempen	601	54
Vanniesbecq	602	54
Van Schoor	603	54
Van Steelant	604	55
Van Uden & C°	605	55
Van Regenmortel	606	55
Van Wiënen & Cie	607	55
Van Wijnsberghe	608	55	(farde à part 55 bis)
Vattez H	609	55
Verhaeghe – De Craemer	610	55
Vereecken Jos	611	55
Verhaege – De Craemer	612	55
Vigafrau-firma	613	55	manque
Viot	614	55	manque
Völkel & Heidingsfelder	615	55
Völker Wilhelm	616	55
Voller	617	55
Volz	618	55
Von der Heydt	619	55	manque
Von der Wettern	620	55
Vomel	621	55
Van Wronski	622	55
Wadle & C	623	56
Wagner Jean	624	56
Wagner Richard	625	56
Walter Karl	626	56
Wassermann Friedrich	627	56
Waysse & Freytag	628	56
Weisez	629	56
Wendel G	630	56
Wemez M	631	56
Werner Franz & C°	632	56
Werner Krause	633	56
Werkstattzug	634	57
Westbau	635	57
Westdeutsche Steinindustrie	636	57
Westdeutsche Wegenbauges	637	57
Wetterholm R	638	57
Wichmann	639	57
Wickert Aug	640	58
Wicaker Wilhelm	641	58
Wiemeer & Trachto	642	58
Wieland H	643	58
Wiesbaden	644	58
Wiesdorfer Bauwerstatten	645	58
Willemen	646	58
Windschild & Langelott	647	58
Wirtz H	648	58
Witt J	649	58
Woets	650	58
Wolf Fritz	651	59
Wolfer & Goebel	652	59
Wolff Friedrich	653	59
Wolff A. Müller	654	59
Wolfsholz	655	59
Wynants P. A.	656	59
Zapp	657	60
Zeglink	658	60
Zettelmeyer	659	60
Zervos	660	60
Zimmerman G	661	60
Zimmermann Adolf	662	60
Zimmermann Wilhelm	663	60
Zinzen P	664	60
Zublin	665	60

Appendix II: Sources Used in This Article

This article is based on a range of archival documents, scholarly publications, and verified online resources. Below is a list of the key sources consulted during the research and writing process:

• Die “Organisation Todt”. Retrieved from http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/todt/index.html
• Albert Speer – Architekt, Politiker. Retrieved from http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/SpeerAlbert/index.html
• Organisation Todt, Teil 1. Retrieved from http://www1.historisches-centrum.de/zwangsarbeit/todt.html
• World War II: German Military Organizations — Organization Todt. Retrieved from http://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/cou/ger/mil/for-todt.html
• Algoed, Hannes. De sociale wetgeving tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België [PhD dissertation, University of Ghent]. Retrieved from http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/414/259/RUG01-001414259_2010_0001_AC.pdf
• Groupe de Recherches “Dannes-Camiers”
  – Research group focused on the fate of Belgian Jews deported to the labor camps in Northern France. Their history and work can be explored at: www.dannes-camiers.be/en/hist.html
• Marcel Apsel, “Forced labor through Organization Todt,” Avotaynu, Vol. XVII, No. 1, Spring 2001, pp. 56–58.
• Website of the Directorate-General War Victims of the Federal Public Service Social Security: http://warvictims.fgov.be
• Mr. Daniel Dratwa, curator of the Musée Juif de Belgique, during the meetings of the Cercle de Généalogie Juive de Belgique asbl / Kring voor Joodse Genealogie in België vzw
• Bank BNP Paribas – History: http://bank.bnpparibas.com/en/pid622/history.html
• The Jewish community Indemnification Commission, http://www.combuysse.fgov.be/en/index.html
• DOS/DDO d210703, LEHRER Kalman – at the Directorate-General War Victims of the Federal Public Service (FPS) Social Security: http://www.warvictims.fgov.be
• Bilfinger & Berger AG. (n.d.). International Directory of Company Histories. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from Answers.com website: http://www.answers.com/topic/bilfinger-berger-ag
• http://www.combuysse.fgov.be/onderzoeksgids.html#salarissen
• http://bank.bnpparibas.com/pid654/1920-1945-bppb.html
• http://www.memorialdelashoah.org/upload/medias/fr/belgique_archive_etat.pdf
• http://www.berger-reloaded.de/home
• https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Berger_(Bauunternehmer)